Reported Speech. (Direct-Indirect)

Read the following sentences.

1) The stranger said," I have some questions to  ask."(Assertive(Affirmative))

2)"I will not wait for you, today." Ram said to Shyam.(Assertive ( Negative))

3) The astrologer said," Will you give me five rupees ?" (Interrogative (Verbal question))

4) Soapy said," Why don't you call a policeman?"(Interrogative ('Wh' type))

5)"Get busy and call a cop", said Soapy.(Imperative)

6)"Don't keep a gentleman waiting", said Soapy.(Negative Imperative)

7)"What an attractive picture it is!", she exclaimed.(Exclamatory)



Read the following indirect speech sentences-

1)The stranger told that he had some questions to ask.

2)Ram told Shyam that he would not wait for him that day.

3)The astrologer asked whether he would give him five rupees.

4)Soapy asked why they did not call a policeman.

5)Soapy suggested to get busy and call a cop.

6)Soapy pleaded not to keep a gentleman waiting.

7)She exclaimed that it was a very attractive picture.

The above examples are of four types of sentences:

1) The Assertive sentence

2) The Interrogative sentence

3) The Imperative sentence

4) The Exclamatory sentence

1)THE ASSERTIVE SENTENCE :

Rules :

1) Use Reporting Verb 'said ' or 'told'.

('told' should be accompanied by an object.)

2)Use Conjunction 'that'.

3) Change of pronouns.

4) Change of tenses --If the reporting verb is in PAST TENSE ,all the tenses in the reported speech will be changed .

  The Simple Present--> The Simple Past

  The Present Continuous -->The Past Continuous

  The Present Perfect --> The Past Perfect

  The Simple Past --> The Past Perfect

  Shall --> should

  Will --> would

  Can -->could

  May --> might

5) Words expressing 'nearness' will be changed into words expressing 'distance'.

  This --> that

  These -->those

  Here  -->there

  Now -->then

  Ago  -->before

  Come --> go

  Today --> that day

  Tonight -->  that night

  Tomorrow --> the next day or the day after.

   Yesterday -->  the previous day or the  day before.

  Last night --> the night before or the previous night.

Ex.

1)"I know these are heavy boots," the conductor said.

2)"I picked it up this morning in a restaurant,"said the umbrella man.

3) "I wouldn't give up my four thousand of the bet," said Andrew Stuart.

4)"Your statement is most interesting,"said Sherlock Holmes.

5) "I have them here," she answered.

Ans:

1) The conductor told that he knew those were heavy boots.

2)The umbrella man told / informed that he had picked it up that morning in a restaurant.

3)Andrew Stuart declared that he would  not give up his four thousand of the bet.

4)Sherlock  Holmes told that his statement was most interesting.

5)She answered that she  had them there.

2) THE INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE

Rules:

1) Use Reporting verb 'asked','questioned','enquired'.

2) Use conjunction-- if 'wh' question -- use 'wh' word.

                    If 'verbal' question -- use'if 'or 'whether'.

*(The interrogative sentence will become the assertive sentence.)

3) Rule 3, 4 and 5 will remain the same as given in the Assertive sentence.

Ex.

1) " Where do you want to go?"asked the conductor.

2)"Where's the man that done that ?" inquired the officer.

3) "What are you doing here?" asked the officer.

4)Mr. Fogg  said to Aouda,"Is our marriage still agreeable to you?"

5)"Had he any friends in town?"asked Holmes.

Ans:

1) The conductor inquired where he wanted to go .

2) The officer inquired where the man was that  had done that .

3)The officer asked what he was doing there.

4)Mr. Fogg asked Aouda if their marriage was still agreeable to her.

5) Holmes asked whether he had had any friends in town.

3) THE IMPERATIVE SENTENCE

Rules:

1)Use Reporting Verb 'ordered','requested','commanded','shouted','pleaded'etc.

2) No conjunction (Use infinitive form of the verb)

3)Rule 3, 4 and 5 will remain the same as given in the Assertive sentence.

Ex.

1) "Do not bring police."said he.

2)"State your case," said Holmes.

3) "Finish this activity in time ," said he.

4) "Tell me more." said the stranger.

5)"Tell me something worthwhile," said the stranger.

Ans :

1) He requested not to bring police.

2) Holmes suggested to state her case.

3) He ordered to finish that activity in time.

4)The stranger pleaded to tell him more.

5)The stranger requested to tell him something worthwhile.

4)THE EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE

Rules:

1) Use Reporting Verb 'exclaimed','applauded','uttered in sorrow or wonder ','cried in joy' etc.

2) Use conjunction 'that'.

*( The exclamatory statement becomes assertive statement, the sign of exclamation is removed.)

3)Rule 3, 4 and 5 will remain the same as given in the Assertive sentence.

Ex.

1)What a strange compensation!"exclaimed he.

2)"How interesting it is to be a blogger!" said she.

3)The teacher said,"How nicely you have done your work!"

4)"What a stupid fellow you are!", she remarked.

5) Ram said Shyam,"How clever you are!"

Ans :

1) He exclaimed in surprise that it was a very strange compensation.

2) She exclaimed that it was really very interesting to be a blogger.

3) The teacher cheerfully exclaimed that they had done their work very nicely.

4) She exclaimed in disgust that he was truly a stupid fellow.

5)Ram merrily told Shyam that he was very clever.

Speech on Teachers Day.

*Speech on Teachers' Day ,5th September.*

  Good morning to one and all and my greetings to all my respected teachers. Honourable chairperson,the Principal of our college,Mr./Mrs ..........., respected teachers and my dear friends.Today is an auspicious occasion to honour and acknowledge the contributions and hard work of teachers who mould the students into the future citizens.Guru Pournima is also celebrated to express our gratitude towards our Gurus.
     5th September is celebrated as Teachers' Day throughout the country since  the year 1962 on the birth anniversary of Dr.Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan,the second President of free India.He was born on 5th September 1888 at Tiruttani,in Tamil Nadu State.He was a great philosopher, educationist and a teacher by profession.When he became the President of India,few of his students requested him to let them celebrate his birthday on 5th September.On this request,he asked them to celebrate his birthday as Teachers' Day and not just as birthday.Ever since this day is celebrated as Teachers' Day every year.
      Our education begins at home. Mother is our prime teacher.As we grow and meet different people,we learn many things from them.Everyone around us teaches us something.Experiences and mistakes are our great teachers.
     In olden times,there was *Gurukul System* of teaching where the students left their homes to stay with the sages in the forest for years.It was called *Bramhacharyashram*(one of the four ashrams ) After completing the training,the students returned homes.Those  sages were worshipped and honoured by the students and their parents like God.Since then a teacher is placed next to God.That's why it is said,
*Gurur Brahma,Gurur Vishnu,
Gurur Dev,Maheshwara.
Gurur Sakshat ,Parbramha.
Tasmai Sri Guruve Namaha.*
      It means Guru is the creator(Brahma),Guru is the preserver/cherisher(Vishnu),Guru is the destroyer (Mahesh).Guru is the Lord himself.Gurus/ teachers are next to God.So,Gurus are worshipped on Guru Pournima.
    Teachers are our second parents because they take care of us as parents.They show us right path as the beacon light.They are always with us whenever we are in trouble whether it is academic or personal.They are the nation builders.They guide and shape the destiny of students.Teachers teach us to become better human beings.Sometimes , Teachers scold us but there is their love and affection towards us behind their scolding.They scold us for our betterment.Teacher is the profession that creates all the professions like doctor,engineer, advocate, Chartered accountant and so on.
     Teachers like Dr Radhakrishnan and Dr.APJ Abdul Kalam are some of the renowned names that have given meaning to the world of teachers.In mythology we find many examples of Gurus and deciples such as Dronacharya ank Eklavya, Sandipani and Shrikrishna etc. Eklavya is known as an ideal student.When Guru Dronacharya refused to teach archery to Eklavya because he was Shudra,(because Shudra was considered as the lowest category in the society at that time.) Eklavya built the mud idol /statue  of Dronacharya and practised archery before it and became the skilled archer equalled to Arjun.
On seeing the skill of Eklavya in archery,Guru Dronacharya  was astonished. He asked for Eklavya's right thumb as Guru Dakshina because he didn't want Eklavya to excel/exceed/surpass Arjun.And without thinking so much, Eklavya cut off his right thumb and put it at the feet of his Guru.It shows his reverence/honour/respect towards his Guru.Eklavya still continued  to practise archery with the forefingers and middle fingers and remains as an example of an ideal student till today.We should also keep Eklavya as a role model before us and gain the knowledge.We should concentrate on our target like Eklavya.
   Today,we are living in the age of science and technology.We learn many things through various apps.We get vast knowledge through internet but as per my opinion no one can replace the teachers because teachers not only give us knowledge but also shape our personality by teaching many moral lessons.Apart from academic,they stand by us at every step to guide ,motivate and inspire us to become good citizens.(Though we are learning  through online teaching today due to this pandemic crisis, we are not satisfied with this.- - only related to present situation)
   We are proud to say that we are being cultivated by the finest gardeners. We pray for their well beings and good health.I would like to express my gratitude towards my all  teachers for their selfless and dynamic support.We are always grateful to you.I conclude my speech by wishing you
 Happy Teachers' Day💐💐
Thank you.🙏🙏